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 Tuesday, October 06, 2009

The New Biographies of Ayn Rand

By Diana Hsieh @ 5:00 AM

As you might know, two new biographies of Ayn Rand are on the horizon. Or rather, Goddess of the Market: Ayn Rand and the American Right by Jennifer Burns is just now available, while Ayn Rand and the World She Made by Anne Heller will be released later this month. I'd like to read them both, but I'm not sure when I'll be able to find the time. Particularly in light of the wild popularity of Ayn Rand at present, I'd love to see knowledgeable Objectivists read and comment on these books -- praising and criticizing them as they deserve.

Happily, Ari Armstrong recently wrote a lengthy blog post on the introduction in Jennifer Burns' book, particularly on some misunderstandings that Burns seems to have about Ayn Rand's ideas. He was kind enough to allow me to reproduce it in its entirety here:
Jennifer Burns, a history professor with the University of Virginia, has a new book out called Goddess of the Market: Ayn Rand and the American Right. I don't have time to review the entire book at this time, so for now I'll merely make a few notes about Burns's introduction.

The first thing to note about Burns's book is that it is a thoroughly researched, scholarly book. It was published by Oxford University Press, among the most respected academic publishers in the world. Burns includes an eight-page "Essay on Sources" (pp. 291-298). Her notes consume another 45 pages, and her bibliography takes another fifteen pages. Clearly she's worked hard on it.

Unfortunately, Burns seems to have a superficial understanding of some of Rand's main ideas. However exhaustive her historical research, Burns is not likely to shed as much light on Rand as she might with a better understanding of what Rand was about. I'll address a few quotations from Burns's introduction in the order they appear. Please note that my purpose here is to point out some of Burns's missteps, so I don't review the great lines from the introduction. And of course I readily acknowledge that Burns may fill in some of the needed context further in her book. Again, this is only a first and limited take.

"Ideas were the only thing that truly mattered, [Rand] believed, both in a person's life and in the course of history," Burns writes (p. 1).

Rand certainly believed that one's explicit and implicit ideas basically set the course of one's life, and that similarly the dominant ideas of a culture basically set the course of a society. Yet Burns overstates the point. One's friends, one's romantic love, one's career -- these are not ideas, they are values. And they are of central importance to a person's life. Ultimately, for Rand, the entire point of developing sound ideas is to help us achieve the values we need to live successfully. Burns's comment on the point is not wildly misleading, but neither is it a careful summary of Rand's beliefs.

On the second page, Burns writes:
Along with her most avid fans, she saw herself as a genius who transcended time. Like her creation Howard Roark, Rand believed, "I inherit nothing. I stand at the end of no tradition. I may, perhaps, stand at the beginning of one." ... The only philosopher she acknowledged as an influence was Aristotle. Beyond his works, Rand insisted that she was unaffected by external influences or ideas. According to Rand and her latter-day followers, Objectivism sprang, Athena-like, fully formed from the brow of its creator.
While again Burns's comments reveal grains of truth, on the whole they mislead. Rand correctly thought that she made important and original contributions to philosophy. But the notion that she thought she "transcended time" in the sense intended is silliness. She thought no such thing. All Burns is doing here is parroting unfounded smears she's heard others make.

Now, there is a sense in which Rand saw any authentic, consistent creator as timeless. Steven Mallory says of The Fountainhead's Howard Roark:
I often think that he’s the only one of us who’s achieved immortality. I don’t mean in the sense of fame and I don’t mean that he won’t die some day. But he’s living it. I think he’s what the conception really means. You know how people long to be eternal. But they die with every day that passes. When you meet them, they’re not what you met last. In any given hour, they kill some part of themselves. They change, they deny, they contradict – and they call it growth. At the end there’s nothing left, nothing unreversed or unbetrayed; as if there had never been an entity, only a succession of adjectives fading in and out on an unformed mass. How do they expect a permanence which they have never held for a single moment? But Howard -– one can imagine him existing forever. (page 452 of the small paperback)
However, we should also remember here that Roark purposefully entered the tutelage of architect Henry Cameron, and Rand herself found inspiration for the novel in the work of Frank Lloyd Wright.

Rand makes a similar comment regarding her own literary timelessness in her introduction to The Fountainhead. She quotes Victor Hugo: "If a writer wrote merely for his time, I would have to break my pen and throw it away." She writes that Romantic art "deals, not with the random trivia of the day, but with the timeless, fundamental, universal problems and values of human existence." Rand then paraphrases Aristotle that art properly concerns itself "not with things as they are, but with things as they might be and ought to be." Notice here that, in a single page, Rand acknowledges three of her influences, Aristotle, Hugo, and the Romantic school generally.

What of Roark's comment that he inherited nothing? It is useful here to consider the context of that quote. Roark has just been kicked out of architecture school. The dean of the school is trying to talk (what he regards as) sense into Roark. The dean says (page 24), "Nothing has ever been invented by one man in architecture. The proper creative process is a slow, gradual, anonymous, collective one, in which each man collaborates with all the others and subordinates himself to the standards of the majority."

To this, Roark replies, "But the best is a matter of standards -- and I set my own standards. I inherit nothing. I stand at the end of no tradition. I may, perhaps, stand at the beginning of a new one."

Here Roark is saying that, rather than subordinate one's judgment to the standards of the majority, one should develop and stand on one's own judgment. He is further saying that, in architecture, he does not wish to follow in any established architectural tradition, but rather create buildings of his own, unique and fitted to their site. Notably, by this time, Roark has already found inspiration in the work of Cameron, who holds similar views on the importance of independent judgment.

If we wish to adapt Roark's insight to the realm of philosophy, we can say that one should not just blindly follow in some philosophical tradition just for the sake of belonging to that school. But, if by one's own judgment, one finds value in the insight of some school, then obviously one should integrate that insight into one's body of knowledge. Roark happily learned from the engineering tradition and adapted that knowledge to his own work.

The mere fact that Roark says he might "stand at the beginning of a new" tradition shows that Roark has nothing against tradition per se. In philosophy I can learn from Rand and other philosophers in the same way that in architecture Roark learned from Cameron and his engineering professors.

What about Burns's claim that the "only philosopher she acknowledged as an influence was Aristotle?" This has better grounding: in her "About the Author" note for Atlas Shrugged, Rand writes, "The only philosophical debt I can acknowledge is to Aristotle." Rand particularly praises Aristotle's "definition of the laws of logic and of the means of human knowledge." However, it is important to understand just how profoundly important Rand thought Aristotle was. Rand also appreciated and learned from thinkers like Aquinas, Locke, and Thomas Jefferson -- whom she counted as essentially in the Aristotelean line. So, by acknowledging a debt to Aristotle, Rand is not cutting herself off from all subsequent thinkers; she is acknowledging Aristotle's influence on those thinkers.

Notably, Burns here overlooks Rand's further acknowledgment in the next paragraph to her husband, Frank O'Connor.

Beyond the realm of philosophy, Rand acknowledged the American movies of her childhood, the economist Ludwig von Mises, the authors Hugo and Dostoevsky, and many others. In her introduction to The Fountainhead, Rand blasts Nietzsche's ideas but finds value in him "as a poet" who "projects at times (not consistently) a magnificent feeling for man's greatness."

Is Burns correct that Rand thought of herself as a genius? She denied it when her student and heir Leonard Peikoff called her a genius. Peikoff recounts her words on page 350 of The Voice of Reason: "My distinctive attribute is not genius, but intellectual honesty." In answer to Peikoff's persistence, Rand added, "One can't look at oneself that way. No one can say: 'Ah me! the genius of the ages.' My perspective as a creator has to be not 'How great I am' but 'How true this idea is and how clear, if only men were honest enough to face the truth.'"

Granting Rand's penchant for dramatic statements, Burns's talk about Rand thinking she was a genius who "transcended time" is, in the sense intended, untrue.

Next consider a strange paragraph from Burns on page 3:
[Rand's] indictment of altruism, social welfare, and service to others sprang from her belief that these ideals underlay Communism [etc.] ... Rand's solution, characteristically, was extreme: to eliminate all virtues that could possibly be used in the service of totalitarianism. It was also simplistic. If Rand's great strength as a thinker was to grasp interrelated underlying principles and weave them into an impenetrable logical edifice, it was also her greatest weakness. In her effort to find a unifying cause for all the trauma and bloodshed of the twentieth century, Rand was attempting the impossible.
But what is simplistic here is Burns's reading of Rand. First simply notice Burns's bias: she presumes at the outset that Rand's entire approach is basically wrong ("extreme," "simplistic," "impossible"). But Burns doesn't really illuminate Rand's basic approach. To begin with, we must know what Rand meant by "altruism" -- and what she thought about mutually beneficial human relationships -- to get any idea of where Rand was headed.

The deeper point is that altruism is an ethical doctrine (growing from certain metaphysical premises), and as such it is much broader than any political system. For instance, the altruism that Roark fights in The Fountainhead lies outside of the political system. Similarly, the altruism enacted at the manufacturing plant in Starnesville in Atlas Shrugged arises outside of any political program. While certainly Rand saw altruism as a central driving force of any collectivist political system, she attacked altruism (which she saw as inherently self-sacrificial) broadly, not merely as it pertained to politics.

Certainly Rand was influenced by her childhood experiences in Russia. But Rand's moral theories are not merely a product of her personal experiences or the historical era in which she lived, as Burns seems to suggest. Rand's unique moral theory of ethical egoism must be evaluated on its own terms as philosophy, not blithely dismissed as some rationalistic coping mechanism for childhood trauma.

Next, on the same page, Burns writes, "... Rand advanced a deeply negative portrait of government action. In her work, the state is always a destroyer, acting to frustrate and inhibit the natural ingenuity and drive of individuals."

Burns's statement here is simply false. Rand advanced a deeply positive portrait of government action that protects individual rights. She loudly praised the Founding Fathers of the United States. She vociferously denounced the anarchism of Murray Rothbard. She wrote an essay titled "The Nature of Government" in which she passionately defended the need of a rights-protecting government.

True, of her three main novels, two are set in periods in which the government has become corrupt and thus antagonistic to the requirements of human life. Yet Atlas Shrugged also features Judge Naragansett, who justly oversees the courtroom and studies constitutional law. In the Fountainhead, Roark's enemy is not a government bureaucrat but rather villains out to destroy his reputation and career. In the end Roark is vindicated by the government-run court.

On page 5, Burns writes, "Although [Rand] preached unfettered individualism, the story I tell is one of Rand in relationship..." This statement misrepresents Rand's theory of individualism, which has nothing to do with being a loner or avoiding relationships. Indeed, Rand's works are filled with deep friendships, passionate romances, and respectful business alliances. By individualism Rand means that the individual is the fundamental basis of moral value, not to be sacrificed to the collective. This sort of individualism incorporates healthy relationships with others.

Burns also writes, "For all her fealty to reason, Rand was a woman subject to powerful, even overwhelming emotions." But "fealty to reason," despite the common stereotypes of Star Trek, does not imply that one is cut off from emotion or experiences muted emotions. Indeed, Rand believed that only a devotion to reason as the means of cognition can give rise to a life of passion and joy. I think Burns's point here is that Rand could sometimes let her emotions get the best of her. Having watched some of her interviews, I agree that Rand could have a fiery temper. (While I share that tendency, I'm trying to overcome it.) But that's a different issue than whether "fealty to reason" conflicts with "powerful emotions."

Burns writes onto page 6 about Rand's system: "... Objectivism as a philosophy left no room for elaboration, extension, or interpetation..." Yet Burns's own bibliography disproves her statement here.

Burns correctly suggests that the social group surrounding Rand, led by the vicious and deceitful Nathaniel Branden, grew strange, unfriendly, and stultifying. I suppose that Rand would acknowledge as her greatest mistake getting tanged up with that catastrophe. The tendency Burns describes was deeply unfortunate. But it did not define Rand's broader social relations or her ideas. Thus, Burns is unfair to claim that Rand's "system" was "oppressive to individual variety." (And Rand did not advocate variety as such, but variety in the context of an individual's rational goals.)

Burns reveals her fundamental misunderstanding of Rand in the closing sentence of her introduction, which posits a "clash between [Rand's] romantic and rational sides." If Burns had any serious understanding of Rand's ideas, she would understand that no such clash is possible. Rand made some mistakes, but Burns doesn't capture their nature here.

If the introduction to her book is any indicator, Burns may have captured many important details about Rand's life, but she doesn't capture Rand the woman or the thinker.
Thank you, Ari!

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 Comments

Tuesday, October 6, 2009 at 6:21:54 mst
Comment ID: #1
Name: Neil Parille
E-mail: neilparille(at)yahoo.com
URL: http://objectiblog.blogspot.com/


I found this review (or start of a review) quite measured. One thing I found interesting was:

_____

Burns correctly suggests that the social group surrounding Rand, led by the vicious and deceitful Nathaniel Branden, grew strange, unfriendly, and stultifying. I suppose that Rand would acknowledge as her greatest mistake getting tanged up with that catastrophe. The tendency Burns describes was deeply unfortunate. But it did not define Rand's broader social relations or her ideas. Thus, Burns is unfair to claim that Rand's "system" was "oppressive to individual variety." (And Rand did not advocate variety as such, but variety in the context of an individual's rational goals.)

____

If Mr. Armstrong is implying (I'm not sure that he is) that Rand didn't know what Branden was doing in her name, then I find this hard to believe. In addition, while Rand denounced Branden for many things in 1968, running a social group that was "strange, unfriendly, and stultifying" wasn't one of them. Finally, the purges and conformity didn't end with Branden's departure.

I'd point out that I think Prof. Burns fleshes out many of the ideas discussed here in greater detail in her book.

I certainly recommend the book.


Tuesday, October 6, 2009 at 7:25:04 mst
Comment ID: #2
Name: Conrad

Where is the link to the original?

"Rand made some mistakes, but Burns doesn't capture their nature here."

Maybe you could point out a few?


Tuesday, October 6, 2009 at 7:29:01 mst
Comment ID: #3
Name: Jeff Montgomery
E-mail: jamontgom(at)hotmail.com
URL: http://funwithgravity.blogspot.com/

Neil, considering you post on the snark-fest known as ObjectivistLiving.com (where Barbara Branden posts), one can see you've made your decision about the Branden years. I wonder if readers here realize how many ugly Molotov cocktails have been hurled over here from that site (not to mention at Peikoff and the Ayn Rand Institute). You need to show better judgment in your choice of venues and associates if you hope to be taken seriously in other areas. That site is an albatross for the Objectivist community.

I've found Burns' book very enjoyable so far (I'm about 1/4 through it). After years of smears and bizarre distortions, it's refreshing to read a real biography, and it's something I look forward to as I sit down with it.

One of the things that I've found interesting so far was the development of her thinking from rather pessimistic and vague on the topic of the individual to a more positive and integrated world view once she became interested in politics and she saw a true "way out" of the rising collectivism of the American 30s. Her interest in the brooding, elitist Nietzsche gave way to a reason-dominated view in a matter of a few years. Fascinating.


Tuesday, October 6, 2009 at 7:32:27 mst
Comment ID: #4
Name: Diana Hsieh
E-mail: diana(at)dianahsieh.com
URL: http://www.dianahsieh.com/blog

Normally, I wouldn't dignify Neil Parille with a response, but I do have some relevant information on this question of whether Rand knew what Branden was doing in her name.

Leonard Peikoff told me that Nathaniel Branden used to grill him harshly in private conference for his supposed philosophic crimes. Branden claimed to have Ayn Rand's sanction in doing so. Peikoff assumed that was true. However, that wasn't the case at all -- as was discovered in the course of the break. Branden was conducting these intimidation sessions of his own accord, without Ayn Rand's knowledge. She was not pleased -- to put it mildly.

People often criticize Leonard Peikoff and others for breaking with the Brandens without knowing about the affair. However, that presumes that the Brandens were only guilty of lying about that one personal matter, not about anything else. In fact -- duh! -- Nathaniel Branden was lying, bullying, and manipulating whoever and whenever he could. That was his character then -- and now. Any of his victims would be completely justified in condemning and breaking with him -- just as Ayn Rand was.


Tuesday, October 6, 2009 at 8:01:30 mst
Comment ID: #5
Name: Joe Maurone
E-mail: spaceplayer2112(at)hotmail.com

I've added my own review to the book's page on Amazon.com. The two excerpts below sum up what I think of it:

Given the controversy surrounding Ayn Rand, a reader looking for an unbiased, non-partisan review might take comfort in Burns' insistence that she is "less concerned with judgement than with analysis," a choice that Burns says that Rand would "certainly condemn." Burns claims that she approaches Rand as a "student and a critic of American thought." But Burns' comment about Rand's "condemnation" foreshadows what's to come...

The problem of the "analysis" over "judgement" claim is apparent in the author's constant use of negative adjectives regarding Rand throughout the book, best exemplified by the claim on page 235: "There seems to two Objectivisms: one that genuinely supported intellectual exchange, engagement, and discourse, and one that was as dogmatic, narrow-minded and stifling as Rand's harshest critics alleged." This is very similar to the claims made by both Barbara and Nathaniel Branden. Burns does little to explain her opinions, a flaw compounded by the promotion of having access to unedited, archival material, which, at this point, comes to function as a crutch for the author to use as an argument of authority.


Tuesday, October 6, 2009 at 12:03:06 mst
Comment ID: #6
Name: JT
E-mail: JT30014(at)hotmail.com

I haven't read the either of these books, so I can't render an informed verdict on the whole. But based on what I've heard, I'm wondering what the value is of a book that contains a massive amount of historical information about Ayn Rand, while also misrepresenting some of what she believed and stating/implying that her philosophic principles are wrong without proving why. Many historians write about the same subjects to reveal new facts or interpretations, but I haven't heard anyone say there's never-been-published material here. If there is, then I'd appreciate someone telling me that. If not, then what's the point? Clearly, a biographer has an interest in writing about Ayn Rand because of her very widespread name-recognition and controversial pronouncements. But why should someone else read it, especially someone who understands Objectivist ideas and thinks they're correct?


Tuesday, October 6, 2009 at 13:41:53 mst
Comment ID: #7
Name: KPO'M
E-mail: ka84796(at)comcast.net

JT, from what I have read on Burns' website, she claims to analyze Rand's impact on conservatism. Whether or not Rand agreed with conservatism, it is without a doubt she had an influence on its practitioners. If this book provides any insight on that, it could be useful in attempts to woo conservatives to Objectivism.

Burns also apparently had access to the unedited archives, so there may be some historical details that have not been explored before. In order to understand how to reach out it and spread Objectivism, it may be insightful to see Burns' analysis. If Burns is being honest that she started from a somewhat negative view of Rand that evolved into something more positive, it may also be insightful to see how she arrived at her conclusions.

To the extent that she misinterprets or misunderstands Rand, others who read her book may have the same misconceptions. Since this appears to be a serious book, it would be unfair to dismiss it as a hatchet job, and thus in order to discuss Objectivism effectively with someone who has read the book, it would be useful to understand what it is saying.


Tuesday, October 6, 2009 at 14:07:48 mst
Comment ID: #8
Name: Moe

As to Maurone's point on the Archives material not being available for review: it would have been nice if the AR Archives had allowed the information to be copied or reproduced. According to Burns' blog, she was not allowed to do so. Maurone's argument seems to be that any good point made by Burns that relies on what she claims is Archives material should be dismissed or discounted due to unverifiability. Fair enough, I suppose, but this unverifiability is a convenient argument for those who wish to disagree with any non-party-line interpretation of Rand that Burns may make.

As to Ari Armstrong's extended Fountainhead quote:

a) Is there a copyright/fair use problem here?
b) Can't describe how much that added to my understanding of the argument.


Tuesday, October 6, 2009 at 14:38:57 mst
Comment ID: #9
Name: Paul
E-mail: pdspds(at)gmail.com

It's odd to see that Nathanial Branden is still causing pissing matches among Objectivists. Should there be a statute of limitations on this sort of thing?


Tuesday, October 6, 2009 at 14:43:32 mst
Comment ID: #10
Name: Diana Hsieh
E-mail: diana(at)dianahsieh.com
URL: http://www.dianahsieh.com/blog

No, not given that he continues his very dishonest hostility to Ayn Rand and Objectivism to this day -- including posing as someone else on this very web site:

http://www.dianahsieh.com/blog/2004/08/unnecessary-evidence.html


Tuesday, October 6, 2009 at 15:38:41 mst
Comment ID: #11
Name: PDS
E-mail: pdspds(at)gmail.com

Sockpuppetry should be condemned in all its unhappy manifestations. I grant you that (and no I am not Natty Brando in cyber-drag).

This is, after all, your living room. It just seems a little like fly-swatting to me, and with a sledgehammer at that.

20 years ago, the average Objectivist would have given an eye tooth (and possibly a more relevant body part) to have a respected academic do a biography of Ayn Rand, and that enthusiasm, if I am correct, would "price in" the fact that some terminology would be misused and some snark (the word wasn't invented back then, I don't think) would leak into the equation.

Perhaps it makes sense to simply consider this particular cup half full, notwithstanding whatever the Brandens did 41 years ago.

In any event, I just stumbled into this blog a few days ago and love it. Thanks for your efforts.


Tuesday, October 6, 2009 at 15:57:09 mst
Comment ID: #12
Name: Joe Maurone
E-mail: spaceplayer2112(at)hotmail.com

Moe: "Maurone's argument seems to be that any good point made by Burns that relies on what she claims is Archives material should be dismissed or discounted due to unverifiability."

If you read the full review, you'll see that I don't say it should be "dismissed" or "discounted," but "used with caution" (the same thing Burns advises towards THE PASSION OF AYN RAND or THE JOURNALS OF AYN RAND.) Thanks.


Tuesday, October 6, 2009 at 16:25:54 mst
Comment ID: #13
Name: JT
E-mail: JT30014(at)hotmail.com

KPO'M: "JT, from what I have read on Burns' website, she claims to analyze Rand's impact on conservatism....If this book provides any insight on that, it could be useful in attempts to woo conservatives to Objectivism."

If the book offers historian's analysis of Ayn Rand's impact on political conservatism in America, then that could be of value. I'm not optimistic about the idea of wooing a lot of modern-day conservatives to Objectivism, though. The irrationalist, religious element in the conservative movement is too fervent.

"If Burns is being honest that she started from a somewhat negative view of Rand that evolved into something more positive, it may also be insightful to see how she arrived at her conclusions."

Maybe, but I don't know. From the excerpts I've read, she still doesn't understand what Rand believed on important issues. If her "something more positive" view of AR isn't in response to Rand's philosophic system, then I don't see how that change could be very meaningful.

"Since this appears to be a serious book, it would be unfair to dismiss it as a hatchet job, and thus in order to discuss Objectivism effectively with someone who has read the book, it would be useful to understand what it is saying."

I wouldn't dismiss it as a "hatchet job." It appears that a lot of research went into the project, and I haven't heard anyone say that it's full of baseless attacks on AR. I wouldn't read this book for the purpose of discussing Objectivism effectively with someone else, though.


Tuesday, October 6, 2009 at 16:52:41 mst
Comment ID: #14
Name: Neil Parille
E-mail: neilparille(at)yahoo.com
URL: http://objectiblog.blogspot.com/

Diana,

When does LP say he informed Rand of NB's bullying? If before the break, then I'm not aware of any mention of this in the diaries James Valliant transcribes.

Do you dispute the other witnesses who claim that NB's bullying went on in Rand's presence?

BTW, do you still stand by your praise of Valliant's The Passion of Ayn Rand's Critics?

-Neil Parille


Tuesday, October 6, 2009 at 19:35:11 mst
Comment ID: #15
Name: Jeff Montgomery
E-mail: jamontgom(at)hotmail.com
URL: http://funwithgravity.blogspot.com/

Joe Maurone said:
>Burns' insistence that she is "less concerned with judgement than with analysis,"

D'oh! That phrase stuck out like a sore thumb when I read the into, and I was afraid it was going to cause problems. I just haven't gotten that far in the book yet. That's the same premise in David Kelly's Truth and Toleration, or the idea that judgement is not itself a form of objective analysis. The premise being that judgments are non-objective.

JT said:
> I haven't heard anyone say there's never-been-published material here

I think there's something to be said for a new biography, even if extensive analysis reveals that one might have pieced it together from other published work, although I doubt that's the case if she's going into archives and Rand's journals. I personally don't have an encyclopedic knowledge of Rand history, or the time to parse all the many facts, so I welcome the efforts of those who want to do it. So far I've found the book benign and interesting. Of course I haven't gotten to the portion on the Branden years yet... Regardless it will be interesting, and will be worth blogging about.


Tuesday, October 6, 2009 at 19:38:35 mst
Comment ID: #16
Name: Jeff Montgomery
E-mail: jamontgom(at)hotmail.com
URL: http://funwithgravity.blogspot.com/

Oops, I mean: David KELLEY.

There was actually a point in my life growing up when I remember asking my Mom: "Is my name Jeffery or Jeffrey?". It was the latter :) lol


Tuesday, October 6, 2009 at 22:43:29 mst
Comment ID: #17
Name: Michael Caution
E-mail: mcaution(at)gmail.com

I actually received my copy of Burns' new book today and have read up through the introduction and I can agree with all of Ari points and more. In my reading there were several more errors in Burns' interpretation of Rand that is quite alarming given that this is only the introduction.

Just before the "extreme" and "simplistic" quote on page 3 there is the sentence, "What Rand confronted in her work was a basic human dilemma: the failure of good intention." If this sentence is taken as to mean: individuals all want the good and their primary motivation is finding a way to bring about human flourishing, but somehow have failed in their noble endeavor, and that Rand, through her works, illuminated the correct way to help these misguided individuals, then this is false. Throughout human history there have always been what Rand called the mystics of spirit and the mystics of muscle, "those who believe in consciousness without existence and those who believe in existence without consciousness. Both demand the surrender of your mind, one to their revelations, the other to their reflexes. No matter how loudly they posture in the roles of irreconcilable antagonists, their moral codes are alike, and so are their aims: in matter"the enslavement of man’s body, in spirit"the destruction of his mind." (Galt's Speech, "For the New Intellectual", 138) So no it is not true that all individuals seek the good and as a student of history I'm hoping that Burns is not implying this interpretation of the sentence. The other way the sentence could be taken, and I think this is what Burns had in mind, is that: Rand herself viewed the human dilemma as a failure of good intentions evidence by the wars of the 20thC. In the first, Burns views the destructive nature of totalitarianism as a failure of good intentions. In the second it is Rand's. Such a statement is baffling to say the least. On several occasions Rand points out the fact that statism in any form is immoral and not to be thought of as some "noble experiment" that has failed despite good intentions. Statism fails in practice because it has to fail. It is morally corrupt. This is the whole essence in Atlas Shrugged when John Galt describes the motive force in an individual's life as either driven by the Morality of Life or the Morality of Death. Those who claim to be their brother's keeper are most certainly not acting on the Morality of Life and this is what Rand writes about in Atlas. For someone who has spent eight years of her life studying the ideas of Rand and to not grasp this distinction by Rand herself in her most famous novel of all time certainly didn't do her homework.

This is just one glaring misrepresentation of Rand. Elsewhere Burns describes Rand as a "rationalist philosopher" (5) and resorts to psychologism saying "Her dual career as a novelist and a philosopher let Rand express both her deep-seated need for control and her genuine belief in individualism and independence." (5) Her deep-seated need for control?! She also mistakenly attributes Romantic fiction as escapist in nature. (5)

Having only read the introduction thus far I can only say so much but I think it is because Burns lacks a full understanding of the Objectivist corpus that she leaves herself susceptible to the prevailing interpretation of Rand as a tragic, contradictory woman who couldn't live up to her own ideals. It would be interesting to know just how much contact she had with scholars from the ARI and how much of an influence they were upon her formulations. I think that if Burns did have a solid Objectivist foundation from which to work from her book wouldn't be plagued by such glaring missteps.


Tuesday, October 6, 2009 at 22:52:19 mst
Comment ID: #18
Name: Michael Caution
E-mail: mcaution(at)gmail.com

Having said all that I do intend to read the whole book and I think this first attempt at a scholarly look at Rand deserves much credit and much of our attention. This is sure to be the first of many later examinations of Rand of which it will be used as a source. Therefore I think it is important to critique Burns' work where it needs it but also to praise her for those parts that are good.


Wednesday, October 7, 2009 at 9:16:14 mst
Comment ID: #19
Name: Richard Lawrence
E-mail: rl0919(at)yahoo.com
URL: http://www.noblesoul.com/orc/

Regarding Rand being called a "rationalist philosopher," it is important to realize that the word 'rationalist' is commonly used with more than one meaning. There is a general sense in which it means "supportive of reason," and a more specific sense in which it refers to views that denigrate sensory experience in favor of non-empirical thinking. Rand used the word in the latter sense when she condemned rationalism, but I'm pretty sure that Burns means it in the more general sense.

A more general caution for reading later parts of the book is that I've found it is sometimes hard to tell if Burns is describing the views of someone she is talking about, expressing a degree of agreement/sympathy with that person's views, or just giving her own view of the subject. In some cases it seems to be one or another, but she isn't careful about clearly distinguishing these situations in her writing, which can be frustrating if you are trying to understand what her perspective is on an issue.


Wednesday, October 7, 2009 at 10:42:15 mst
Comment ID: #20
Name: JT
E-mail: JT30014(at)hotmail.com

Jeff Montgomery: "I think there's something to be said for a new biography, even if extensive analysis reveals that one might have pieced it together from other published work, although I doubt that's the case if she's going into archives and Rand's journals."

So if I were to write a biography of AR using only material that has already been published about AR or is well-known, that would be valuable to readers? How? It would be valuable to ME if the book is issued by a respected publisher with my name on it and I receive royalty checks from book sales. But I don't see how that would be valuable to anyone else.

Again, I haven't read the book. It may be that there's fresh analysis, such as AR's particular impact on conservatism after WWII ended and the Fountainhead was published, that makes it worthwhile.


Wednesday, October 7, 2009 at 10:50:03 mst
Comment ID: #21
Name: Steve D'Ippolito

"Regarding Rand being called a "rationalist philosopher," it is important to realize that the word 'rationalist' is commonly used with more than one meaning. There is a general sense in which it means "supportive of reason," and a more specific sense in which it refers to views that denigrate sensory experience in favor of non-empirical thinking. Rand used the word in the latter sense when she condemned rationalism, but I'm pretty sure that Burns means it in the more general sense."

A classic example of what I call "Objectivese". Objectivists use a lot of terms (such as "sacrifice," "selfish," and "altruistic") in ways different from the rest of society. (Recognizing this fact is a *different* issue from making the judgement of who is using the words correctly. I consider "Objectivese" correct English, but I *do* note by calling it such that it is different from *common* or *conventional* English.) I've noticed on occasion O-ists hearing someone use the word in a conventional way, and then berate them on the assumption that they are trying to say what an Objectivist would mean using that word. "I am a rationalist" brings condemnation down on the person who says it, and he is bewildered, because he thought he was saying he was an advocate of reason. (I saw this specific case happen once, to an unwary person who stumbled into an Objectivist chat room. Fortunately the misunderstanding got cleared up in less than five minutes, unfortunately, the "rationalist" decided to be stubborn about following conventional usage.)

A cautionary suggestion--when talking to someone who is not an Objectivist or new to it, and he uses one of these words, do *not* assume he is using it the same way you are--especially if the word is "altruist" or one of its forms. Ask for a clarifaction: "What do you mean by altruist?" As often as not, people think that helping out their friends (and relatives that they value) is "altruist." (This makes us look bad--to them--when we condemn "altruism" in the sense *we* mean the term.) If it turns out he's following conventional usage, explain the distinction to him in a non-condemnatory fashion. You may even get a "geez, if I actually meant to say *that* you'd be right to condemn me!" for your effort.


Wednesday, October 7, 2009 at 11:14:33 mst
Comment ID: #22
Name: Richard Lawrence
E-mail: rl0919(at)yahoo.com
URL: http://www.noblesoul.com/orc/

For those questioning whether there is anything new in the book, the answer is yes. It is true Burns synthesizes a great deal from previously published sources, but this is valuable because very few of her readers will have a comprehensive knowledge of the biographical and historical sources she has used. There are literally dozens of books that discuss some aspect of Rand's life. Some of these are books primarily about other subjects in which Rand makes an appearance, such as biographies of people she interacted with and general histories of conservatism and libertarianism. For the rare reader who has already covered all of this material, perhaps it will be mostly old news, but I doubt that is common. Of course Burns can't simply assume that her readers will be versed in Rand's general biography, so there is necessarily some repetition of things that you might know from reading another bio or seeing "Ayn Rand: A Sense of Life". But even for those who have read extensively about Rand, there is still new material from her unpublished journals and letters. I expect that those most informed about Rand's life will find more disagreement with Burns' interpretations than boredom from reading about things they already know. (And they will find several minor factual errors, although none of particular consequence from what I've noticed.)


Wednesday, October 7, 2009 at 19:34:00 mst
Comment ID: #23
Name: KPO'M
E-mail: ka84796(at)comcast.net

JT, to clarify my previous post, what I meant by "wooing conservatives" is that I think there are a number of people who previously identified with the Republican Party or the conservative movement who have been turned off in recent years by the GOP's sharp capitulation to the religious fringes of the party. The GOP used to describe itself as having a "big tent." Now, that label is more appropriate for the Democratic Party, though it seems the extreme left is trying to use the Democratic majority to pass through an extreme left agenda.

This leaves the "disgruntled conservative" with an apparent dilemma. Supporting the GOP is no longer acceptable because the religious elements have taken control. However, while the Democratic party has a fiscally responsible wing that is trying to assert itself, its existence enables the Pelosis, Reids, and Obamas of the world to flex their muscle, which rules them out, as well. It is these people to whom Objectivism may appeal.


Wednesday, October 7, 2009 at 20:26:38 mst
Comment ID: #24
Name: BrianS

Instapundit provided a link a couple days ago to this Wilson Quarterly review of the two books:

http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=wq.essay&essay ...

Here is an indication of the ideas some are deriving from the two works:

"As Burns puts it, “The clash between her romantic and rational sides makes [her life] not a tale of triumph, but a tragedy of sorts.”"

"Betrayed by her emotions when Branden finally rejected her..."

"Rand is typically written off as a writer whose basic appeal is to maladjusted adolescents, a sort of vaguely embarrassing starter author who is quickly outgrown by those of us who develop more sophisticated aesthetic and ideological tastes. There’s more than a small degree of truth to such a characterization..."

"Heller draws a critical but sympathetic thread through Rand’s biography, arguing that Rand’s insistence on individualism was heavily informed by the anti-Semitism her family faced in pre- and post-revolutionary Russia."

"Heller also has a great eye for the contradictions and hypocrisy that ultimately make her subject more approachable. For instance, Rand fueled her endless writing sessions not with rational determination but with amphetamines and by sticking herself with a needle to maintain “focus,” a tacit admission that even her mind had its limits."

"Rand and her acolytes were masters of revising history so that the grand dame was seemingly a timeless genius who had no real influences or predecessors (except for Aristotle, of all people). Heller’s account of the figures who helped Rand develop her thought - especially Isabel Paterson, a New York Herald Tribune book reviewer and author with whom Rand predictably broke - helps recover an entire intellectual tradition that has mostly been forgotten."

"Burns is particularly sharp at analyzing how Cold War conservatives such as Buckley rejected Rand’s rationalism..."

"Together, [the two books] provide a rounded portrait of a woman who, as Burns writes, “tried to nurture herself exclusively on ideas.” As Rand’s biography underscores, she failed miserably..."


Wednesday, October 7, 2009 at 20:42:49 mst
Comment ID: #25
Name: Michael Caution
E-mail: mcaution(at)gmail.com

The term "rationalist" does have a very specific technical philosophical meaning and encompasses a whole tradition of thought. However, given Burns lack of understanding of Objectivism and the Objectivist distinction that the rationalist/empiricist dichotomy is invalid her statement is left vague and could be interpreted as either an advocate of reason or a philosopher in the rationalist tradition. Given that this is a scholarly book on a philosopher this is sloppy writing and reflects poorly on Burns.


Wednesday, October 7, 2009 at 21:45:20 mst
Comment ID: #26
Name: William H Stoddard
E-mail: whswhs(at)mindspring.com
URL: http://whswhs.livejournal.com/profile

Michael: A check of the Wilson Quarterly review shows that Burns is not a philosopher but a political scientist. She may not have the nuances of philosophical terminology under her command. The skills needed to research and write a biography, and the skills needed to clarify a philosophical point, not only are not the same but are not often found in the same person. If the biographer provides you with the facts, accurately enough so that you can make your own conclusions about the philosophical meaning, they've done their job, even if they attribute an entirely different philosophical meaning to those facts.

And while Objectivism isn't an obscurantist philosophy, it's not a transparently obvious one, either; there are nuances of Rand's thought that I didn't get a grip on for literally decades after first encountering them.

Bill Stoddard


Thursday, October 8, 2009 at 0:03:41 mst
Comment ID: #27
Name: Sajid

"If the biographer provides you with the facts, accurately enough so that you can make your own conclusions about the philosophical meaning, they've done their job, even if they attribute an entirely different philosophical meaning to those facts"

True but with one caveat. The different philosophical meaning has to have some sort of rational underpinning. I don't think there is any justification of an outright smear job even if one gets the facts straight. No matter what work is written, once cannot present ALL of the facts so some sort of selection has to happen and thus, even if one does get the facts straight, one can still have a pernicious agenda.

I haven't read the book, just responding to the comment.


Thursday, October 8, 2009 at 1:05:44 mst
Comment ID: #28
Name: Michael Caution
E-mail: mcaution(at)gmail.com

Bill: I had said "on a philosopher". I was referring to Rand. Burns is reporting on a philosopher and and should be careful to make clear distinction in the terms she chooses to use.


Thursday, October 8, 2009 at 6:48:35 mst
Comment ID: #29
Name: PMB

"The skills needed to research and write a biography, and the skills needed to clarify a philosophical point, not only are not the same but are not often found in the same person."

The question is, did either biographer consult an Objectivist philosopher? Did they even feel the need to? Those are real questions--I don't know the answers, although from the bits I've read my guess would be no. But one of the first obligations of a biographer of a philosopher is to understand his or her philosophy. Imagine someone writing a biography of Einstein without understanding physics and not consulting physicists.


Friday, October 9, 2009 at 7:35:05 mst
Comment ID: #30
Name: Richard Lawrence
E-mail: rl0919(at)yahoo.com
URL: http://www.noblesoul.com/orc/

"The question is, did either biographer consult an Objectivist philosopher?"

Don't know on Heller, but for an answer to this question regarding Burns, we can look at the "Acknowledgments" section of her book. The only philosopher of any kind that I see mentioned is Tibor Machan. There are a number of unfamiliar names mentioned, but from the context I don't get the impression that any of them are philosophers. There are also some Objectivists mentioned who are not philosophers. And as is typical for acknowledgments, the degree of assistance these folks provided could have varied widely, from answering a single question to reviewing the entire manuscript.


Sunday, November 1, 2009 at 19:44:24 mst
Comment ID: #31
Name: John Donohue
E-mail: john(at)jrdonohue.com
URL: http://jrdonohue.com

if that "rationalist" sentence had passed under the eyes of an Objectivist pre-publication reader/editor it would instantly have set off alarms. It would have been corrected. This suggests either no Objectivist read the drafts or if they did and pointed it out, Burns deliberately left this misleading phrase intact. Even Machan, of whom I am not a fan, would have pointed it out.

Per the second paragraph of #19 above, Richard Lawrence, this author gets to 'give her opinions.' Per many of the citations, she is not someone who grasps the full Objectivist world-view. Well, she still has the right to write a biography I guess and it still has to be challenged in the marketplace of ideas I guess...

...but it makes me wish these people would write what Miss Rand suggested: 'a biography of an idea.' Then it could be challenged on ITS ideas.


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